The Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale were also used to categorize participants into four affective profiles: “self-fulfilling”, high affective”, “low affective” and “self-destructive”. The following instruments were used: “Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale”, “Stress”, “Helplessness”, “Hopelessness”, “Uppsala Sleep inventory”, “Barratt’s Impulsiveness Scale”, “Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale”, “Life Orientation Test”, “General Self-Efficacy”, “Locus of Control”, “Situational Intrinsic Motivational Scale”. The results are reported from the pupils participating in 4 consecutive administrations of the instruments (N = 115). The study was performed with 211 high-school pupils over a period of 18 months. The present study aims at identifying predisposing and protective factors for the purpose of showing their respective contribution and interaction for adolescents’ stress disorders and depressive states, and to find key attributes for the identification of pupils at risk in a normal population of adolescents. Specifically, our findings indicted that PE may be the most relevant to depression, whereas SI may be the most relevant to anxiety. Generally, our findings indicated that optimism is a multifaceted construct and not all forms of optimism have the same effects on well-being. SI also moderated the effect of life stress on anxiety symptoms. Prospective follow-up analyses demonstrated that PE was associated with fewer depressive episodes and moderated the effect of stressful life events on depressive symptoms. Initial principal component analyses revealed the following dimensions: PEs, Inferential Style (IS), Sense of Invulnerability (SI), and Overconfidence (O). The current study assessed the multidimensional nature of optimism within a prospective vulnerability-stress framework. Relatively little research has examined these multiple dimensions of optimism in relation to psychological and physical health. These Terms and Conditions, the CMI Terms of Use, and the CMI Online Privacy Statement constitute the entire agreement between you and CMI with respect to your use of the Symptom Checker.Optimism has been conceptualised variously as positive expectations (PE) for the future, optimistic attributions, illusion of control, and self-enhancing biases. CMI DOES NOT ASSUME ANY RESPONSIBILITY OR RISK FOR YOUR USE OF THE SYMPTOM CHECKER. CMI ASSUMES NO LIABILITY FOR ANY DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, DECISION MADE, OR ACTION TAKEN IN RELIANCE UPON INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE SYMPTOM CHECKER OR ANY OTHER INTERNET SITES LINKED TO IT IN ANY WAY. AND CHILD MIND MEDICAL PRACTICE, PLLC (TOGETHER, “CMI”) DOES NOT DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY PRACTICE MEDICINE OR DISPENSE MEDICAL ADVICE AS PART OF THE SYMPTOM CHECKER. ALWAYS VISIT OR SPEAK TO A QUALIFIED HEALTH SERVICE PROVIDER IN PERSON PRIOR TO STARTING ANY NEW TREATMENT OR WITH ANY QUESTIONS YOU MAY HAVE REGARDING A MEDICAL CONDITION.ĬHILD MIND INSTITUTE, INC. THE INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE SYMPTOM CHECKER IS NOT INTENDED NOR IMPLIED TO CONSTITUTE MEDICAL ADVICE, DIAGNOSIS, OR TREATMENT. I understand that the information provided by the Symptom Checker is purely educational and is not intended to replace the advice, diagnosis or treatment offered by a medical or mental health professional.
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